Hardware and Software Requirements For an IT system Essay

For this assigning we bring forth to pay back a report on the roles of hardw ar and softw be system requirements, and their drives, for an IT system. In the context of this essay I stick decided that bullet show take a leak along with brief descriptions and art is the best way to present this assignment.6 STAGE MODELShown above is the cardinal- head model, presentation the marches undertaken by a estimator system. beneath is what each of my pictures corrects* snarf Input gimmick* The Tower Central Processing whole* Monitor outturn Device* discusette phonograph record Backing Store* well up Main Memory* Tele c every(prenominal) told back communication theory Devices e.g. net profitInput Devices and TechniquesInput artifices be the meaning whereby estimators derriere accept selective teaching or instructions(Heathcott P M, 2000, p 159)* Keyboard The keyboard is the virtually harshly utilise of entirely input devices. It thr wizard be use for a va rious issue forth of tasks, snip on get into programs, to typing documents employ a word processor, or entering a persons personal details etc.* Mouse The mouse and its variants very much(prenominal) as the trackball is well jockeyn with all PC drug users.* electronic s stinkerner A s flush toiletner hindquarters be utilise to s pile graphical ambits and photographs, and softw be bottom past be apply to edit or touch up the go outs. S scum bagners freighter as well as be employ to take in fictitious characterd or hand-writtten documents and this squeeze out because be interpreted by employ OCR softw atomic number 18, which coffin nail accordingly export it to a word processor or selective information file. S bungholeners can besides be used to input large volumes of information on pre- instilled forms such as credit vizor recom drop a lineses, where the customers account number and amount give are gradeed at the bottom of the payment slip.* Web Cam T his designates images onto the screen. In can be used via the internet for video conferencing or you can even pre-record messages and send them via E-mail.* leave out Code registerer Bar labels emerge on around everything we buy, whether it is a peeled CD or a rear of bins. The pattern of thick thin lines wreaks the 13 digit number underneath the finish code. in that location are four all important(p) pieces of information on a stave off code.The first few two or three digits represent in which unpolished the product was registered. The next five digits represent the manufacturers code. The second base host of five numbers represents the product and software program size. The last digit is a rafter digit, which is calculated from the oppositewise digits in the code and ensures that the barcode is keyed in or determine correctly. A very analogous process to that used in the ASCII code where the sideslipped digit is used as the parity.A Product Bar Code* eas y Pen A vigilant pen is a device which incorporates a light sensor so that when it is held close to a screen over a compositors case or part of a graphic, the principal suming is detected and can be go to create or modify graphics.* microphone An input devise for sound recording.* OMR (Optical stress Recognition) An Optical Mark Reader can detect marks made in present positions on a form. The or so common example of this is the lottery. It is also astray used for marking, multiple choice exams and merchandise research questionnaires.* OCR (Optical draw a bead on Recognition) Light is emitted, bounced confirm and then received. This is how the OCR reads its characters. The light emitted is in contrasting colonizations depending on the character. OCR is used astray in services such as catalyst and electricity etc.* MICR (charismatic Ink Character Recognition) All posits use MICR for processing check up ons. on the bottom of a report the banks fashion code, custom er account number and tab number are encoded in spare characters in magnetised ink. The amount of the cheque is encoded in charismatic ink when it is transfer in at the bank. The cheques can then be processed by MICR devices that read, air and gillyflower the data on discus. MICR has several(prenominal) advantages for processing cheques1. It is hard to forge the characters2. The characters can be read even if the cheque is crumpled, dirty or smudged3. The characters are clear by humans, unlike bar codesThe disfavor of MICR though is the expense. This is why you dont recall many a(prenominal) other examples of it macrocosm used.* Swipe Cards Swipe account are operated by use a magnetic strip. They are used in credit cards, debit cards, railway tickets, phone cards and many others. The magnetic strip can be encoded with upto 220 characters of data and other 83% of adults in Britain own at least one card. Unfortunately because in that location are only 220 character s of data this makes the cards very easy to copy, which is why the strips give eventually, disappear and be replaced by a chip, which is al around impossible to fake. or sothing slightly connatural to the smart card.* tonic Cards Smart cards are of a similar port to that of the bunco cards, but sort of of using the magnetic strip they discipline a small 1-millimeter square microprocessor which is brothd in the centre of attention of the card. This is then protected by a small gold electrical contact the card can motion little read information through this. unconnected the swipe card the smart cards can hold millions of characters of data. In the futurity banks hope to replace all the swipe cards with a Super card which leave alone also be suit competent to be used to pay for smaller goods such as milk and newspapers without the subscribe to to carry cash. This card will al roughly be unbreakable. In Belgium they already possess a similar system works to this it is called the Proton Card, which incorporates the use of some(prenominal) magnetic strip and a microprocessor chip for bank withdrawals and payments of small goods.The Smart Card* tally Sensitive Screens A touch stark naked screen allows the user to touch an bailiwick of the screen rather than having to type the data on a keyboard. They are widely used in tourist centres, where tourists can look up various local facilities and entertainments, in fast sustenance strains such as McDonalds for entering customer orders, in manufacturing, and also bars.* Digitisers A digitiser can draw fictional character illustrations. It has a flat rectangular slab onto which a stylus (anything that terminates in a point) is placed.Output Devices and TechniquesThe ultimate aim of the estimator is to produce useful information, the information that is produced by the data processor is in binary digits, we therefore indispensableness devices to learn these into a form we can use(Corbitt T, 1990 , p 11)* visual display unit ( opthalmic discover Unit) The VDU is similar in appearance to the television receiver, an alternative pee-pee is the monitor. VDUs baffle best resultant role than TVs and therefore are better for graphical work. It has its own mulish amount of RAM (Random Access Memory) associated with it to store the image being displayed on the screen. So the to a greater extent RAM it has the better the resolution displayed on the screen. The number of pixels used to represent a full-screen image determines the resolution. ExampleIf 1 bit represents each pixel then two colour can be displayed, so to display 256 colours you would take in 8 bits (1byte)It is usually possible to conform both the resolution and the number colours if you select a senior high school resolution you wont be able to stool as many colours because of the memory available on the VDUPrintersThe results of processing are usually needful in markinged form. Printers come in all shapes and sizes, there are two chief(prenominal) categories of markers* blow Printers which transfer the image on to the paper by applying pressure against a ornamentation onto the paper, this transfers ink form the ribbon to the paper forming the image* Non-impact Printers which produce the image on the paper without any contact.Impact Printers* Dot-matrix The characters on this are formed by dots. The fool transfer contains a number of needles, the more there are of these the better the feature of print. A head with club needles would take seven horizontal movements to print a character, this printer would be tell to create a seven-by-nine-character matrix. In the in vogue(p) type full letter quality is produced by double opinion. The line of type is printed, the head moves back to the beginning of the line, moves drink down fractionally and then prints the line a second time. This doubles the time taken to print a document. To overcome this more high-ticket(prenominal) m odels use twice the number of needles and near letter quality can be achieved with one pass of the head. The dot-matrix can also print out graphics and pictures of a basic quality.Dot-matrix printers, which can print in colour, are available, these use a ribbon which contains red, green and blue. Coloured sidetrack is obtained by repeated imprint, repositioning of the paper, print head and ribbon. The dot-matrix can print amongst 30 and 200 characters per second (cps).* Daisy-wheel printers The print head consists of flexible arms extending from a centre hub, the characters are at the tips of the arms. When printing the hub revolves convey the ask character next to the ribbon. Some daisy-wheel printers are bi- explosive chargeal and the print head can turn in either send offion so that quickest possible print time is achieved. The print can be changed so that different font styles can be used. Daisy wheel printers are ineffective to print graphics unlike the dot-matrix. It is overt of speed ranges 12 to 55 cps.Non-impact printers* thermic printers These use specially treated paper, which is touched by heat generated by the print head as it passes across the paper. The important advantages are that they are silent and fast, printing 30-120 cps. Disadvantages are that the paper is expensive and that the printed image degrades in time.* Ink-jet printer With this type of printer the characters are formed on the paper by spraying it with a stream of ink dots. They are fast, printing 150-270 cps and almost soundless, the quality of print is very good.A Canon emit Jet Printer BJC7000* Plotters Plotters are used to produce drawings, diagrams and other types of graphical output. There are two varieties in use, the apartment plotter which is used where accuracy is important and the flummox plotter which is used for craft acts. The flatbed type is stiff speckle the pen moves over the top of the device temporary hookup the axis moves up and down, whilst t he drum variety uses continuous stationery. In both types the pens, under the program maneuver, are move to the down position, the movement of the pens is then controlled to draw the image. There are from one to six pens, which can be used to output different colours.There is also the less commonly cognise graph plotter. This is most commonly adjoinn in use for dissimulation detector tests.* COM (Computer Output on Microfilm) The line of storing information on paper can be considerable in a large business. One way to solve this is to have output from the calculator photographed as microscopic images directly onto microfilm. Two methods of depot are used, one put the information onto a roll of 16mm film while the other uses microfiche. Microfiche can store upto speed of light pages of A4 on a single piece, to see it you must have a microfiche reader. The most recent examples of this being used is in libraries and in garages for checking car parts. entropy can be stored onto microfilm directly from the computer or off line using magnetic videotape as an intermediary store.* Voice output The output of the computer can be given in spoken form by using voice synthesisers to transform words stored in the computer into human speech, this is great for handicapped people who can non speak as it allows them to communicate. The user can hear through a loudspeaker.Secondary device techniquesA permanent, non-volatile form of memory board is required by all computer systems to let off software and data files. Magnetic tape, magnetic phonograph records, compact disc read-only memory (Compact Disk Read Only Memory), and microfilm are all examples of what is known as auxiliary storage.* Floppy disk The standard 3 1/2 floppy disk is a thin, flexible bendable disk coated in metal oxide, enfold in a rigid plastic casing for protection. A standard high density disk has a storage space of 1.44 Megabytes.* knockout Disks The hard disk used with conventional PCs co nsists of one or more disk platters, which are for good sealed inside a casing. Hard disks have a capacity of between 2Gb and 10Gb, though external hard pressures can be plugged into the computer to propose extra storage space. For large-scale applications storing enormous amounts of data, more hard disks would be used. The disks can be fixed or removable, although the fixed disks are more reliable and have more storage capacity.Data is stored on the concentric tracks, which are separate into sectors. Data is then stored in one of the sectors so that it minimises the movement of the read- pen heads, thereby minimising access time.* compact disc read-only memory CD-ROMs can store around 680Mb of data, which is the alike of hundreds of floppy disks. CD-ROMs do not transfer data as quickly as the hard disk drive. As the name suggests the disks are read-only memory. Unlike a magnetic disk they are created by burning tiny holes into the come on of the disk, a laser beam is then r eflected off the surface of the disk, detecting the presence or absence seizure of pits, which represent the binary digits.* Worm disks (Write Once, Read Many) These look very similar to the CD-ROM in appearance but are gold rather than silver in colour. These disks can be used to economise your own material and are sublime for archiving or storing images or data, which will not be changed. They are popular in the commandeer industry because a 5 blank disk can store upto 20 000 worth of software and allot for 50 80. They are used by less reputable PC conjunctions which install the software onto the PC so they can charge the consumer more for the package. However because of the competition in the pirate industry at present many of these carry viruses which can cause topsy-turvydom on the hard drive.* Magneto-opthalmic disks Magneto-optical disks integrate optical and laser engineering science to enable read and write storage. A 5 1/2 disk can store up to 1 Gb. These disks whi tethorn in future replace current magnetic disks, but at present the technology is still developing and the disks are likewise expensive, slow and unreliable to be in widespread use.* Magnetic tape Magnetic tape was developed in the fifties and very quickly became the primary means of storing data. The data is stored on magnetic tape in the form of dots of magnetism. It is used widely for archiving past transactions or other data that may be mandatory again, for example, old news readings that have been smooth over a number of years.* Jaz ram Two Gigabytes is a tape drive and a mass storage device mainly used for backing up large files or batches of files i.e. end of daylight transaction backup for banks or businessessoftware product requirements and techniques bundle is the name given to the programs that direct the operation of the computer. It can be divided into two main companys, system software and applications software. System software is the programs required to stay the computer system and applications software is the programs required to carry out a bad-tempered application such as personal credit line controlSystems softwareThis is the software that the microcomputer system needs to run. In this group there are three divisions operational systems, utilities and compilers/interpreters/assemblers.Operating systems An direct system is a set of programs that allows the user to perform tasks without having to know how they are done. For example, a user can give a command to save a file on disk without having to know where the file will be stored or how it will be retrieved again.Applications programs are usually written to work with a crabby operating system e.g. stick out will only work with Windows and not with Apple Mac, which has a different operating system.Utility programs Utility programs perform common tasks that every computer user will need at one stage or another. They carry out such jobs as formatting and copying disks, deleting files from disks, take information into a required order, and to abet with the testing of programs that have been written.Compilers, interpreters and assemblers These are programs that realise the programming diction that is used into a form that the computer can understand. Compilers work by translating the whole of the program from what is known as the reference book program into the butt program which will be in a form that the computer can understand. Interpreters are programs that translate and execute source programs one statement at a time. An assembler is a program supplied by the computer manufacturer that will translate a program that was written in assembly language (low-level programming language) into mold code.Applications software In large organisations that have a mainframe or minicomputer we would find that programmers were employed whose job it would be to write the programs for the applications that the organisation wished to have run on the computer, such as payroll, demarcation control or hospital appointments. The software may be designed specifically for one particular company and written curiously for them using a programming language or software such as database management system. Alternatively, the software may be purchased off the shelf.General purpose software Most general purpose software is sold as a package, including a CD containing the software. Below is the most common packages that you would find on the market place to date1. Applications spreadsheets, database, word processing, Desk Top publish2. Presentation CD based presentations (Power Point, Director)3. Internet Publishing web page knowledge software (Front Page, Dreamweaver, Flash)4. Programming Software BASIC, Visual Basic, C++, Java, Pascal, HTML5. Creation and edit Photo Shop, Paint Shop Pro, Premier, coral Draw6. Utility Anti-virus, tidy and compression, Doctors. The newer computer systems will have these utilities on them already.Software such as word processing, spreadsheet and databases is sometimes refereed to as generic software. This means that many of the packages can be made to do many different tasks, and is not specifically for one type of application. The other types of application software such as stock control and payroll as mentioned forward are special purpose because they have been designed to complete one particular task.ConclusionI found this assignment very interesting and now face I have a much sounder understanding off computer hardware and software. I would have desire to incorporate more images into the assignment as reference to each of the products described, but was ineffective to find all of theimages that I required, and also had problems trying to transfer them from the internet. Apart from this I feel quite satisfied with the general assignment and hope that I have entered all the data needed and presented it in a clear fashion.BibliographyCorbitt T, (1990), Information engineering science And Its Applications. Avon, joined region Bath pleadHeathcott P M, (2000), A Level Computing. Ipswich, joined Kingdom Payne-Gallway Publishers LtdReferencesCorbitt T, (1990), Information Technology And Its Applications. Avon, United Kingdom Bath PressHeathcott P M, (2000), A Level Computing. Ipswich, United Kingdom Payne-Gallway Publishers LtdMichael Firmstone Tutor Del Turney 14/11/01